Developing a Website essays

Building up a Website expositions 1) To offer a few highlights of the site, the supervisor must pick between employing a lot of devoted experts (e.g., framework chairman, upkeep software engineer, marketing specialist/manager, architect, and website admin) and redistributing these capacities. On the off chance that the administrator makes the human asset speculation to enlist the gathering of experts, they should be completely used to help produce benefits. How might you settle on this choice, and how might it influence the choice of the bundle of highlights you offer on The Website journalists are as quite a bit of people as all others and are so also defenseless to human weaknesses as others. One of the accounts among them is that when a site is submitted to the significant web crawlers, it consequently expands traffic to the site, and that will build deals from the site and in this manner benefits. On the opposite side, a few specialists don't accept this to be valid, and this can be checked by questioning the inquiry motor on the locales items or administrations, the site may not even in the top 10 or 20 matches. Rivalry may anyway show up there and get more questions. It is likewise notable that there must be a decent remaining in a significant web crawler to produce traffic and the impact is higher than any major costly publicizing effort. Most normal clients of the Web start their pursuit at one of the significant web search tools, and the situation in the web crawlers decide to an enormous degree what number of individuals end up at the There are different types of promoting for locales, however that is an costly exercise, and it is less expensive in numerous cases to improve the positioning under a couple of significant catchphrases to show signs of improvement results. The other arrangement is believed to be in the Yellow Pages, however the greater part of the time it doesn't get the association a call. In the Inter... <!

Bristol Myers Squibb

Bristol Myers Squibb was framed in 1887 when McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers purchased the Clinton pharmaceutical Company in Clinton New York. In 1900 Bristol-Myers got through into the dark †it has stayed there from that point onward. In 1924, net benefits beat $1 million without precedent for Bristol-Myers’ history. The company’s items were then sold in 26 nations. Now, the offers held by John Myers’s beneficiaries opened available to be purchased, setting off a progression of moves that in 1929 transformed Bristol-Myers into a freely held organization, recorded on the New York Stock Exchange.The after war despondency provoked Bristol-Myers to discard its pharmaceutical business and commit itself completely to its claims to fame: Sal Hepatica and Ipana, its two major victors, and twelve or so different toiletries, germ-killers and hack syrups. Before the finish of the war, unmistakably penicillin and different anti-toxins spoke to a massive open door for Bristol-Myers. In 1921 the Squibb Company instituted its trademark: â€Å"The invaluable fixing in each item is the respect and respectability of its maker†, which is presently the corporate motto of Bristol Myers Squibb.In 1989 Bristol-Myers converged with Squibb, making a worldwide pioneer in the human services industry. The merger made what was then the world’s second-biggest pharmaceutical venture. BMS is currently positioned #8 in the pharma part. Current Drugs, Issues and Interests The Company works in three sections: Pharmaceuticals, Nutritionals and Other Healthcare. The Pharmaceuticals portion is comprised of the worldwide pharmaceutical and global purchaser meds business. The Nutritionals portion comprises of Mead Johnson Nutritionals (Mead Johnson), principally a baby recipe and youngsters' nourishing business.The Other Healthcare fragment comprises of ConvaTec, Medical Imaging and Consumer Medicines (United States and Canada) organizations. In 1991, th e organization got U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) endorsement in the U. S. for Videxâ ® (didanosine) otherwise called ddI, making it the second medication accessible for treating HIV contamination (the other being AZT). Different endorsements that year incorporated an anti-microbial, Cefzilâ ® (cefprozil); two cardiovascular specialists, Pravacholâ ® (pravastatin sodium) Tablets and Monoprilâ ® (fosinopril sodium) Tablets; and a focal sensory system sedate, Stadol NS ® (butorphanol tartrate) C-IV.In that equivalent year, the organizations marked a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the National Cancer Institute to look into and build up another compound for treating specific sorts of malignant growth. This compound, TAXOL ® (paclitaxel) Injection, promptly was set up as the company’s top research need. Bristol-Myers Squibb contributed a huge number of dollars to gracefully TAXOL in adequate amounts for clinical preliminaries, to get ready in formation for administrative accommodation and to create elective wellsprings of TAXOL (which initially was gotten from the bark of a jeopardized tree, the Pacific Yew).TAXOL propelled in 1993 and immediately got one of the world’s most generally utilized malignant growth medications. For a couple of years BMS held the selective rights to collect the bark of the imperiled yew trees on US soil, the tree’s bark is utilized in making TAXOL. Before the finish of 1995, the organization had more than 60 product offerings with $50 at least million in yearly deals around the world. Toward the start of 1998, the FDA allowed freedom to advertise Excedrinâ ® Migraine for the help of headache cerebral pain torment and related indications. Excedrin Migraine turned into the primary headache cerebral pain medicine accessible to customers without a prescription.In 1999, Bristol-Myers Squibb reported SECURE THE FUTUREâ„ ¢, a $100 million responsibility to propel HIV/AIDS research a nd network outreach programs in five southern African nations: South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. Furthermore, in 2000, Bristol-Myers Squibb, along with four other pharmaceutical organizations and worldwide offices, joined the UNAIDS Drug ACCESS Initiative. The ACCESS program plans to make antiretroviral medications and treatments to treat deft diseases all the more broadly accessible in African nations that have built up a cognizant national AIDS strategy.As part of the program, the organization offered to bring down the costs of HIV/AIDS prescriptions in those nations by 90 percent. All the more as of late, Bristol-Myers Squibb made its entrance endeavors a stride further, offering HIV/AIDS tranquilizes beneath cost in Africa and submitting an extra $15 million for stretching out SECURE THE FUTURE to four Western African nations †Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali and Senegal. The organization is additionally guaranteeing that its licenses don't for estall economical HIV/AIDS treatment in Africa.The patent for Zerit, rights to which are claimed by Yale University and Bristol-Myers Squibb, is presently accessible at no expense to treat AIDS in southern Africa. Nonetheless, issues like losing licenses this way and a couple of additional in South Africa has caused numerous issues for medicate organizations and BMS isn't insusceptible to them. In September 2000, Bristol-Myers Squibb reported another system that remembers a honed concentration for prescriptions and a forceful outside improvement program. As a component of this new procedure, the organization declared its goal to strip its Clairol and Zimmer businesses.The organization reported in June 2001 that it had gone into a complete consent to procure the DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company for $7. 8 billion; a securing expected to additionally fortify Bristol-Myers Squibb’s medications business. With the DuPont securing, Bristol-Myers Squibb included Sustivaâ ® (efavirenz) Capsules to its HIV portfolio and furthermore picked up items, for example, Coumadinâ ® (warfarin sodium tablets, USP) Crystalline, the U. S. driving endorsed against coagulant and Cardioliteâ ® (Kit for the arrangement of Technetium Tc99m Sestamibi for Injection), a clinical imaging agent.In November 2002, the FDA affirmed Abilifyâ ® (aripiprazole) for the treatment of schizophrenia. In 2003, the organization collaborated with malignancy survivor and Tour de France champion Lance Armstrong to support the Bristol-Myers Squibb TOUR OF HOPEâ„ ¢, a remarkable week-long across the nation cycling occasion. In transit, the 26-part group of malignancy survivors, guardians, doctors, medical attendants and specialists brought issues to light of disease examine and the significance of clinical preliminaries in growing new treatments.Reyataz ® (atazanavir sulfate), the principal protease inhibitor for the treatment of HIV/AIDS with once-a-day dosing, was presented in the U. S. in July 2003 and affirmed for advertising in Europe in March 2004. On March 29, 2005, the FDA endorsed Baracludeâ ® (entecavir). Baraclude, found by Bristol-Myers Squibb researchers, is demonstrated for the treatment of constant hepatitis B contamination. Bristol-Myers Squibb declared the FDA endorsement of Orenciaâ ® (abatacept) for the treatment of rheumatoid joint pain on December 23, 2005. Orencia is the first in another class of meds for this disease.On February 28, 2006, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Somerset Pharmaceuticals reported FDA endorsement of EMSAM ® (selegiline trasdermal framework), the main transdermal fix for the treatment of significant burdensome issue. SPRYCEL ® (dasatinib), found by Bristol-Myers Squibb researchers, was affirmed by the FDA on June 28, 2006, for the treatment of incessant myeloid leukemia. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences declared the FDA endorsement of ATRIPLAâ„ ¢ (efavirenz 600 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 m g) on July 12, 2006. ATRIPLA is the first-ever once-every day single tablet routine for HIV.As a technique they are concentrating on ten ailments, these are full of feeling (mental) clutters, Alzheimer’s/dementia, atherosclerosis/apoplexy, diabetes, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, weight, oncology, rheumatoid joint pain and related illnesses, and strong organ transplant. Current Financials The current money related data of the organization from MSN Central is as beneath. The incomes have not been developing notwithstanding all the fruitful items that have been propelled and that is a territory for change. The organization needs to improve its incomes and have a positive pattern in benefits too.The benefits are practically 16%, in any case, that looks pale when contrasted with GSK and Merck †both in the 20-22% territory (Fortune 500 rundown). Actually at 15%, the organization is positioned 10 out of 12 in the pharma area and the incomes are 8 out of 12. That for an organization that will be 120 years in 2007 is poor. As talked about in the ebb and flow medications, issues and premiums segment, the organization is concentrating on some key ailments and getting some awesome medications in the market. Be that as it may, this is by one way or another not improving the income. Truth be told over the most recent 5 years, income has become at under 2% year on year.On the present cost ($24), the offer gives a 6% rate of return (EPS is $1. 43). As of now, they are profiting by the impacts of relinquishing their CEO Peter Dolan and the organization is touted as a takeover target. Their serious issue is the inability to forestall Apotex from assembling Plavix. In spite of the fact that BMS attempted to stop Apotex by getting into an arrangement that would give Apotex $40 million for not producing the medication, the US State Attorney Generals anyway didn’t let the arrangement experience and rather the organization got into an examination as a result of the entire wreckage that the arrangement created.From the BMS point of view, they were making the best choice; Plavix produces incomes of $5. 9 Billion. $3. 8 Billion are BMS and the rest is Sanofi-Aventis. $3. 8Billion is practically 20% of BMS’s income and Plavix gives roughly 40% of the benefits in their US business. This bigly affects the profit given by the organization and most investigators have recommended that the profit payout should be cut by very nearly 30-40 pennies; it was $1. 12 the past year.BMS has a decent line up of dru

2 Easy Ways to Coach Yourself into Happiness and Success

2 Easy Ways to Coach Yourself into Happiness and Success A lot of people nowadays are hiring life coaches to provide them with accountability and structure in creating a fulfilling life. It’s easy to get complacent, and we are often not our own best coaches. But not everyone can afford a life coach, and even those who can might get coaching for a year then go back to being “self-coached.” In this month’s Success Magazine, an inspiring article about self-coaching (Be Your Own Life Coach) offered two exercises that will help you coach yourselfâ€"if you put them into action, of course. Both options were suggested by coach Marshall Goldsmith, Ph.D. Option #1: Did I do my best to… Here’s the first exercise: Ask yourself each day: Did I do my best to… Set clear goals? Make progress toward goal achievement? Be happy? Find meaning? Build positive relationships? Be fully engaged? When I read this list, I liked it so much that I put it on my calendar to complete at 9pm every night. I am on day 3 and grateful for the ritual! I have shared the exercise with friends as well, and they have enjoyed going through the list for themselves at the end of a day. I encourage you to join me and try answering these questions every day for two weeks. At the end of those two weeks, ask yourself in how many areas you are seeing improvement. I’d love to hear a report! Option #2: Daily Question Process With this exercise, your first project is to come up with 20 to 30 questions relating to your goals and who you want to be. The questions must have either yes/no or number answers. Keep them short and easily answered. And spin them toward the positive! For instance, “How much do I weigh?” “How many minutes did I meditate today?” “Did I treat my employees well?” “Did I make time to spend with my family?” (You would not write questions like, “Did I eat too much today?” “Was I stressed out?” Notice how much your energy dropped just reading those questions!) Put your positively-framed questions in the first column of a spreadsheet, then write the days of the week in the next 6 columns. Although not specified in the description offered, I would put a final column for a rating of your quality of life for the week, with a scale from 1 to 10 (I can’t bring myself to suggest a 0 as another person suggested in describing a self-coaching journal!) Once you create your spreadsheet for the week, you will have a scorecard that will reveal, over time, what activities lead you toward fulfillment and the life you want. Of course you can change your questions over time as you meet certain goals and have others change. Here’s the rub… If you were hoping there would be a self-coaching technique that would not require your thinking or writing about something every day, I’m afraid you’re out of luck. As much as I wish I could have a single thought and change my life, I must accept that it’s daily check-ins and accountability that truly create change. Since human beings are notoriously unaccountable to ourselves, I suggest putting a system into place and having someone to whom you report on your daily self-coaching activities. I put my “Did I do my best to…” exercise on my calendar, and I have a friend I talk to at least once/week about how I’m doing. Consider creating a dinner-time ritual with your family to discuss how you’re doing, or even a check-in at the office! You can create a life-coaching group for yourself! There are many possibilities of how to stay honest as you take on self-coaching. What are your ideas of how to do this? Will you take on one of the exercises offered here? Please share below!

Management Levels Explained - 1265 Words

What is the difference between first-line, middle, and senior management? Discuss the key skills required to perform effectively at each level of management. Assess your own strengths and development needs in terms of the skills required to be an effective first-line manager. In the operation of any sizeable company, different levels of management are responsible for maintaining successful production and development of the business. Over the course of this discussion, I will define management, three different levels of management, and address skills required at each level for effective performance. I will critique my own strengths and areas requiring improvement in order to be a successful first-line manager. For the purposes of this†¦show more content†¦Senior managers need to clearly state company goals and provide direction for middle management to achieve these with specified resources and to specific timeframes. On a personal level, I recognise skills I possess, and skills I need to improve in order to be a successful first-line manager. In my working life, I have always enjoyed and achieved positive results in quickly learning and understanding systems, tools and processes involved in final production. Saville (1994, p. 38), States that ‘good first-line managers should†¦ have good technical skills.’ That is, they should have a thorough understanding of day-to-day operations and how the desired product should be delivered or produced.’ I am also emotionally stable and resilient, useful as ‘demands on first-line managers†¦can be physically and emotionally more demanding than those relationships that senior management experience’ (Saville, 1994, p. 50). This means being able to maintain composure under stressful human interactions, to remain focussed on positive outcomes and avoiding blaming individuals. I also use personal techniques to manage stress and create time to ensure I remain physically fit and healthy. I feel I need to improve my ability to clearly define the scope of my working relationships. This will help avoid the required boundaries from blurring, and is very importantShow MoreRelatedThe article describes about the supply chain management and various activities and programmes800 Words   |  4 PagesThe article describes about the supply chain management and various activities and programmes involved in supply chain management. The author even explains different phases in the evolution of supply chain management. Mainly focuses on the 7 principals which bring host of competitive advantage to the company. Andersen consulting listed all the 7 principles and briefly explained them. The role of logistic professionals and the use of technology in the implementation of the system. The relation betweenRead MoreEssay on Project Management Trends: The DMM Model834 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ RESEARCH PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRENDS: THE DMM MODEL by Olivia Romero Sà ¡nchez Jones International University February 8, 2012 Survey of Project Management Trends As an IT and Business Process Consultant, my clients hire me to help them implement different types of projects according to their needs. Some of these projects may be developing and implementing new systems, which are long-term projects, costly and critical for the organization. As a project managerRead MoreProject Success And Success Criteria1376 Words   |  6 Pagestrajectory of the project, with all team members finding it hard to focus in one direction. The Success of the Project management is measured through the three key components – Time, Cost and Quality. The success of the project is typically measured based on the following factors a) Meeting the project objectives with respect to time, cost and quality b) Quality of the project management or the process followed c) Meeting the needs and the requirements of project stake holders Time / Cost / Quality:Read MoreDisease Case Study730 Words   |  3 Pagesdrawn to evaluate LH, prolactin, and TSH level. Her TSH being elevated may very well be the reason for this patient’s abnormal bleeding. Lab work will help diagnose the patient with a hormone issue. This diagnosis cannot be ruled out at this time. 2. Fibroids: Fibroids are benign growths that are hormone dependent. They are seen in 25% of women in reproductive years. If diagnosed with this condition, it usually will improve after menopause due to hormone levels decrease. Fibroids can be seen singleRead MoreJob Analysis Overview. A Job Analysis Is The Process Of1330 Words   |  6 Pagesorganisation. 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Systems Development Zones’ developers and analyst predominately use Java, CSS, NET, CSS, jQuery, and SQL languages, andRead MoreAn Open Systems Theory Approach956 Words   |  4 Pagespolicies and procedures using an open systems theory approach. Lastly, I will explain how my developed plan to the problem upholds my organization’s mission and values and improve organizational culture and climate. Introduction Nursing staffing level is affecting my health care organization, and as a result, mandatory overtime has become a problem. There are many opened shifts at this time, and staff members are mandatory to work extra shifts to comply with the organization’s policies and proceduresRead MoreEssay on Organizational Behavior Issues in Aussieco1529 Words   |  7 Pagescompany’s management and organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior refers to ‘the understanding, prediction and management of human behavior in organizations’ (Luthans,2010). It is the study of individuals and their behavior in a work place. A company’s performance and outcome largely depends on its organizational behavior as it is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication and management. Aussieco’s organizational behavior issues can be explained throughRead MoreThe Success Of Wi Fi Connectivity1599 Words   |  7 Pagesusers and the company which is deploying that service. Both factors that are usability and business aspects are taken into consideration for evaluating success. Bradley, Pridmore, and Byrd (2006) explained how IT plan quality and cultural factors have a greater impact on success .Bradley et al. (2006) explained how the DeLone and McLean developed a six-factor Information success model ( Refer Fig. 1 ) which included system quality, information quality, IS use, user satisfaction, individual impactRead MoreEssay on Applied Business Research Case Study935 Words   |  4 PagesThe field of business management continues to evolve as organizations engage in the ever-changing global market. After years of unscrupulous corporate leaders managing and leading some of the world’s biggest corporations to failure, researchers and business leade rs realize the need for ethical and sound leadership. The need for ethical and sound leadership helps to facilitate and manage daily operations and to sustain their competitive advantage within the global economy. However, with this evolution

Physics Essay - 2033 Words

Physics You can find a law of physics in everything that you do. It does not matter if you are doing complex scientific experiments, working as a laborer in a field, or enjoying your favorite pastime, you are involved in putting the laws of physics to work. I will try to demonstrate this as I discuss the laws of physics that are involved in my favorite pastime, which is steer wrestling. The art of steer wrestling is complex and simple all at the same time. To start, let’s define what exactly steer wrestling is. Steer wrestling is a rodeo event that is also known as bull dogging. This is the event where there are two mounted cowboys that run along the side of a steer. When they get close to the steer the cowboy on the left hand†¦show more content†¦The next step, as mentioned above is changing the steer’s direction. This is done by using the steer’s momentum and his horns. In this process I will discuss the laws and ideas of torque, centripetal forces, and the idea of center of mass. As I mentioned in the paragraph above, I will first discuss the collisions involved in the sport of steer wrestling. To properly discuss the collisions let’s talk about he linear momentum involved in the sport. There are two things that carry momentum in this sport, one being the bulldogger who is riding the horse, and the second being the steer that is being bulldogged. According to our physics text book A World View, it states that linear momentum is defined as, â€Å"the product of an objects inertial mass and its velocity.†(p. 106). Therefore linear momentum = mass x velocity. Knowing this equation we can figure out the momentums carried by both the bulldogger and the steer. For instance if the bulldogger weighed as much as I do, which is 200 lbs and his horse ran 35 mph, we can figure his momentum using the formula above. Let’s do that exactly, p = 200 lbs x 35 mph. To do this correctly lets change the lbs into kilograms and the mph into meters per second, 2 00 lbs = 90.90 kilograms, and 35 mph = 15.65 m/s. Knowing these new figures, we can now find the momentum of the steer wrestler which would beShow MoreRelatedPhysics And Physics Of Molecular Levels1109 Words   |  5 Pagesconsider interaction within a molecule, which had three bodies at least, in terms of quantum and relativistic laws. Facing the fascinating, but, daunting goal, I would have to take step by step to find a practical path. Even I had taken theoretical physics courses and was familiar with special relativity, I did not know much about micro-scale theoretical work. â€Å"Define a problem is the first step for any project. 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He says all natural things have a principle of motion and of stationariness. He also says that natural things are composed of stone, earth, or a mixture of the two. According to him, artificial products do not possess the source of their own production. For example, the natureRead MoreEssay on A Century of Physics3573 Words   |  15 PagesA Century of Physics By the end of the nineteenth century after more than two thousand years of intellectual struggle that began with the Greek philosophers, physical scientists had reason to believe that they were beginning to understand the universe. Their theories of matter and energy, of electricity and magnetism, of heat and sound and light were confirmed in laboratories throughout the world with increasing precision. Experimentation was the method and mathematics the language of aRead MorePhysics Of String Theory Of Physics1543 Words   |  7 Pagesnumber of excitation modes - that are the elementary particles observed. the strings have tension of 1/(2 p a’) strings are approximately the planck length (smallest possible size of black hole) 10^(-33) cm A quantum Theory of Gravity is needed In physics there are two main central theories. The first is Einstein’s theories of relativity. The second is quantum mechanics. Einstein’s theories of relativity describe gravity but does not include quantum effects. Quantum mechanics describes the universeRead MoreEssay about Physics in Cartoons555 Words   |  3 PagesPhysics in Cartoons The cartoon that was analyzed by our group was the Disney movie The Emperors New Groove. This movie is very entertaining and comical, however when a closer look is taken at the use (or lack thereof) of Physics Laws, many errors can be found. The following are four examples of situations in The Emperors New Groove where the laws of physics were over looked and ignored in the creation of the scene. #1 (19:05-19:48) After Emperor Kusko isRead More The Physics of Basketball Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physics of Basketball The more and more I look around I begin to see how physics are integrated into practically everything that we do. These things would surely go unnoticed without making a conscious effort to notice them. For example simple things like riding a bike, or driving a car, or playing catch with a son or daughter. Just as these activities are loaded with elements of physics, sports are also, especially basketball. Physics play a part in every aspect of the game, from dribbling

Messages of Strength and Pride in Three Poems Free Essays

Poems from the Harlem Renaissance provide vibrance and energy for the reader as they enliven a culture and tradition never before seen in the United States.   The poems â€Å"Chicago,’ by Carl Sandburg, â€Å"The Harlem Dancer,† by Claude McKay, and â€Å"Mother to Son,† by Langston Hughes, all embody this strong culture through vivid images an lingering metaphors.   While they show the pride and substance of their subjects, the poems also hint at a bit of vulnerability as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Messages of Strength and Pride in Three Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Therefore, these three poems metaphorically illicit outward shows of strength and pride which hide pain, toil and even resentment underneath. Strength is an attribute of a person who has toiled and prevailed despite the overwhelming odds against him.   In the first half of the poem, â€Å"Chicago,† the first person speaker is addressing the city through a series of metaphors.   First, he addresses him as a serious of occupations which all require great physical strength but which do not have an association with upper class wealth or power: HOG Butcher for the World,  Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat,  Player with Railroads and the Nation’s Freight Handler (Sandburg, lines. 1-3).  These images create a masculine, hulking mood for the reader.   It is evident that life in this city requires brawn and even a cunning mind. The speaker notes the physical attributes of the city, which can be compared to a man:   Stormy, husky, brawling,  City of the Big Shoulders† (Sandburg, lines. 4-5). The city is personified as a hard-working and proud blue collar worker who may have to resort to underhanded dealings in order to survive. However, as the poem progresses, the metaphors change.   The speaker begins with a parallel series of descriptions – â€Å"wicked,† â€Å"crooked,† and â€Å"brutal,† to characterize the city along with a justification for each.   He notes the city is â€Å"sneering† but with  lifted head singing  so proud to be alive and coarse and strong and cunning† (Sandburg, lines. 18-19). The suggestion is that the city demands more than hard work; it sometimes takes pain and trickery from its inhabitants.   However, the messages notes that sometimes this behavior is necessary for survival, and that the city has no moral problem with crime, corruption and manipulation. Finally, the poem shifts to the metaphor not of a man at all, but a beast.   This creature is Fierce as a dog with tongue lapping for action, cunning  as a savage pitted against the wilderness† (Sandburg lines. 23-24). Now the city is not human, but savage and untamed, reflecting the problems it presents for the survival of its dwellers.   They must endure, the smoke, the dust, the teeth and the burden of the city and somehow manage to laugh,  even as an ignorant fighter laughs who has  never lost a battle† (Sandburg, lns. 34-35). The bottom line for this poem is pride. Sometimes the people had to be dishonest and brutal, but they have an immense pride in getting to where they are.   The personified images of the city portray all of these emotions for the reader. â€Å"The Harlem Dancer,† by Claude McKay, focuses on the single image and experience of a boy watching a girl dance.   While the image is softer, it can correlate with the message from â€Å"Chicago.†Ã‚   Of course, the undertone is that these dancing girls are prostitutes, tempting the boys to wrongdoing, but that is part of the magic of the experience for these Harlem youth.   Despite her degrading occupation, the dancer of note is elevated to idealistic proportions in the eyes of the speaker. First, she is half-clothed, and swaying, which reminds the young man, oddly, of a palm tree.   He notes,  To me she seemed a proudly-swaying palm  Grown lovelier for passing through a storm   (McKay, lines. 7-8). With this description, the reader understands that even the boy recognizes that this girl does not belong in Harlem.   After all, no palm trees grow anywhere near Harlem; they are products of more tropical, exotic climates, as is the dancer.   He also insinuates that she has endured hardships herself, the storm he notes, and finds her more attractive for having survived those hardships. Next, the speaker notes the melodic, otherworldly quality of her voice.   He says,  Her voice was like the sound of blended flutes  Blown by black players upon a picnic day (McKay, lines, 3-4).  he airiness of her voice and their comparison to prayers places the girl in an almost angelic realm, oddly juxtaposed to her actual position as a prostitute. This angelic nature is further emphasized by her â€Å"gauzy† dress, her graceful body, and her â€Å"shiny curls.†Ã‚   To the speaker, she is perfection, something he has never before experienced. However, underneath the beautiful figure of the dancing girl is something else, something that the boy eventually notices.   She is not the strong and serene figure he initially perceives.   She is, in his words, not there.   He notes But, looking at her falsely-smiling face I knew her self was not in that strange place (McKay, lines 13-14). The speaker comes to realize that she is not truly the confident and strong person that he initially perceived her to be.   In order to get through her day, she has to somehow transport herself elsewhere, and he has bought into it for a while.   She is not ideal or perfect but has had her own shares of struggles and deceptions. The poem â€Å"Mother to Son,† by Langston Hughes, also illuminates the theme that life is a struggle, but one that should make a person proud.   The speaker is an African-American mother who is attempting to relate a life lesson to her son.   She uses a metaphor of a crystal staircase to try to emphasize the hardships she has endured in getting to the place she is now.   The clever analogy notes that a crystal staircase would be smooth and easy to climb, unlike the experience the mother relays: Well, son, I’ll tell you:  Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.  It’s had tacks in it,  And splinters,  And boards torn up,  And places with no carpet on the floor —  Bare. (Hugues, lines 1-7) Her life journey was painful and filled with obstacles, and she wants her son to realize this so that he will be ready for his own obstacles and hardships in life.   Ã‚  She does not want him to grow up expecting to have things handed to him, but to expect to have to work hard for the things he wants. Another message that she wants to convey to her son is that he should never give up despite these hardships.   She wants to encourage him: So boy, don’t you turn back. Don’t you set down on the steps ‘Cause you finds it’s kinder hard (Hughes, lines 14-16). In addition to warning him about the condition of the stairs and the difficulty of traversing them, the mother is also warning her son of the dangers.   She notes that sometimes the stairs are dark, and she warns him against falling.   Of course, the grand metaphor for life is apparent.   Life is sometimes dark, full of pitfalls, and daunting, but she has continued the journey and is endeavoring to make her son do the same. She is not making the journey sound easy; clearly, they were not the privileged individuals, but she is attempting to instill endurance through her message.   After all, she is still climbing the stairs, and if she can do it, so can he. All three of these poems address issues of life and perseverance.   None of the lives described seem easy.   Life in â€Å"Chicago† is compared ultimately to a beast that laughs and sneers.   Life as   Ã¢â‚¬Å"TheHarlem Dancer† is empty for her, as she continually desires to be somewhere else.   Life on the broken staircase is uncertain and treacherous.   However, all three scenarios represent the continual toil of life, and the pride that these individuals have.   They may not have riches, easy jobs, or crystals stairs, but they have their work ethic and their sense of self-worth, and that is all that matters. WORKS CITED McKay, Claude.   â€Å"The Harlem Dancer.† Retrieved 9 April 2007 from http://www.poetry-archive.com/m/the_harlem_dancer.html Sandburg, Carl.   â€Å"Chicago.† Retrieved 9 April 2007 from http://carl-sandburg.com/chicago.htm How to cite Messages of Strength and Pride in Three Poems, Essay examples

Messages of Strength and Pride in Three Poems Free Essays

Poems from the Harlem Renaissance provide vibrance and energy for the reader as they enliven a culture and tradition never before seen in the United States.   The poems â€Å"Chicago,’ by Carl Sandburg, â€Å"The Harlem Dancer,† by Claude McKay, and â€Å"Mother to Son,† by Langston Hughes, all embody this strong culture through vivid images an lingering metaphors.   While they show the pride and substance of their subjects, the poems also hint at a bit of vulnerability as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Messages of Strength and Pride in Three Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Therefore, these three poems metaphorically illicit outward shows of strength and pride which hide pain, toil and even resentment underneath. Strength is an attribute of a person who has toiled and prevailed despite the overwhelming odds against him.   In the first half of the poem, â€Å"Chicago,† the first person speaker is addressing the city through a series of metaphors.   First, he addresses him as a serious of occupations which all require great physical strength but which do not have an association with upper class wealth or power: HOG Butcher for the World,  Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat,  Player with Railroads and the Nation’s Freight Handler (Sandburg, lines. 1-3).  These images create a masculine, hulking mood for the reader.   It is evident that life in this city requires brawn and even a cunning mind. The speaker notes the physical attributes of the city, which can be compared to a man:   Stormy, husky, brawling,  City of the Big Shoulders† (Sandburg, lines. 4-5). The city is personified as a hard-working and proud blue collar worker who may have to resort to underhanded dealings in order to survive. However, as the poem progresses, the metaphors change.   The speaker begins with a parallel series of descriptions – â€Å"wicked,† â€Å"crooked,† and â€Å"brutal,† to characterize the city along with a justification for each.   He notes the city is â€Å"sneering† but with  lifted head singing  so proud to be alive and coarse and strong and cunning† (Sandburg, lines. 18-19). The suggestion is that the city demands more than hard work; it sometimes takes pain and trickery from its inhabitants.   However, the messages notes that sometimes this behavior is necessary for survival, and that the city has no moral problem with crime, corruption and manipulation. Finally, the poem shifts to the metaphor not of a man at all, but a beast.   This creature is Fierce as a dog with tongue lapping for action, cunning  as a savage pitted against the wilderness† (Sandburg lines. 23-24). Now the city is not human, but savage and untamed, reflecting the problems it presents for the survival of its dwellers.   They must endure, the smoke, the dust, the teeth and the burden of the city and somehow manage to laugh,  even as an ignorant fighter laughs who has  never lost a battle† (Sandburg, lns. 34-35). The bottom line for this poem is pride. Sometimes the people had to be dishonest and brutal, but they have an immense pride in getting to where they are.   The personified images of the city portray all of these emotions for the reader. â€Å"The Harlem Dancer,† by Claude McKay, focuses on the single image and experience of a boy watching a girl dance.   While the image is softer, it can correlate with the message from â€Å"Chicago.†Ã‚   Of course, the undertone is that these dancing girls are prostitutes, tempting the boys to wrongdoing, but that is part of the magic of the experience for these Harlem youth.   Despite her degrading occupation, the dancer of note is elevated to idealistic proportions in the eyes of the speaker. First, she is half-clothed, and swaying, which reminds the young man, oddly, of a palm tree.   He notes,  To me she seemed a proudly-swaying palm  Grown lovelier for passing through a storm   (McKay, lines. 7-8). With this description, the reader understands that even the boy recognizes that this girl does not belong in Harlem.   After all, no palm trees grow anywhere near Harlem; they are products of more tropical, exotic climates, as is the dancer.   He also insinuates that she has endured hardships herself, the storm he notes, and finds her more attractive for having survived those hardships. Next, the speaker notes the melodic, otherworldly quality of her voice.   He says,  Her voice was like the sound of blended flutes  Blown by black players upon a picnic day (McKay, lines, 3-4).  he airiness of her voice and their comparison to prayers places the girl in an almost angelic realm, oddly juxtaposed to her actual position as a prostitute. This angelic nature is further emphasized by her â€Å"gauzy† dress, her graceful body, and her â€Å"shiny curls.†Ã‚   To the speaker, she is perfection, something he has never before experienced. However, underneath the beautiful figure of the dancing girl is something else, something that the boy eventually notices.   She is not the strong and serene figure he initially perceives.   She is, in his words, not there.   He notes But, looking at her falsely-smiling face I knew her self was not in that strange place (McKay, lines 13-14). The speaker comes to realize that she is not truly the confident and strong person that he initially perceived her to be.   In order to get through her day, she has to somehow transport herself elsewhere, and he has bought into it for a while.   She is not ideal or perfect but has had her own shares of struggles and deceptions. The poem â€Å"Mother to Son,† by Langston Hughes, also illuminates the theme that life is a struggle, but one that should make a person proud.   The speaker is an African-American mother who is attempting to relate a life lesson to her son.   She uses a metaphor of a crystal staircase to try to emphasize the hardships she has endured in getting to the place she is now.   The clever analogy notes that a crystal staircase would be smooth and easy to climb, unlike the experience the mother relays: Well, son, I’ll tell you:  Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.  It’s had tacks in it,  And splinters,  And boards torn up,  And places with no carpet on the floor —  Bare. (Hugues, lines 1-7) Her life journey was painful and filled with obstacles, and she wants her son to realize this so that he will be ready for his own obstacles and hardships in life.   Ã‚  She does not want him to grow up expecting to have things handed to him, but to expect to have to work hard for the things he wants. Another message that she wants to convey to her son is that he should never give up despite these hardships.   She wants to encourage him: So boy, don’t you turn back. Don’t you set down on the steps ‘Cause you finds it’s kinder hard (Hughes, lines 14-16). In addition to warning him about the condition of the stairs and the difficulty of traversing them, the mother is also warning her son of the dangers.   She notes that sometimes the stairs are dark, and she warns him against falling.   Of course, the grand metaphor for life is apparent.   Life is sometimes dark, full of pitfalls, and daunting, but she has continued the journey and is endeavoring to make her son do the same. She is not making the journey sound easy; clearly, they were not the privileged individuals, but she is attempting to instill endurance through her message.   After all, she is still climbing the stairs, and if she can do it, so can he. All three of these poems address issues of life and perseverance.   None of the lives described seem easy.   Life in â€Å"Chicago† is compared ultimately to a beast that laughs and sneers.   Life as   Ã¢â‚¬Å"TheHarlem Dancer† is empty for her, as she continually desires to be somewhere else.   Life on the broken staircase is uncertain and treacherous.   However, all three scenarios represent the continual toil of life, and the pride that these individuals have.   They may not have riches, easy jobs, or crystals stairs, but they have their work ethic and their sense of self-worth, and that is all that matters. WORKS CITED McKay, Claude.   â€Å"The Harlem Dancer.† Retrieved 9 April 2007 from http://www.poetry-archive.com/m/the_harlem_dancer.html Sandburg, Carl.   â€Å"Chicago.† Retrieved 9 April 2007 from http://carl-sandburg.com/chicago.htm How to cite Messages of Strength and Pride in Three Poems, Essay examples

Vietnam Essays (654 words) - Vietnam War, South Vietnam, Viet Cong

Vietnam The Vietnam War was the longest and most unpopular war in which Americans ever fought. And there is no reckoning the cost. The toll in suffering, sorrow, in rancorous national turmoil can never be tabulated. No one wants ever to see America so divided again. And for many of the more than two million American veterans of the war, the wounds of Vietnam will never heal. Fifty-eight thousand Americans lost their lives. The losses to the Vietnamese people were appalling. The financial cost to the United States comes to something over $150 billion dollars. Direct American involvement began in 1955 with the arrival of the first advisors. The first combat troops arrived in 1965 and we fought the war until the cease-fire of January 1973. To a whole new generation of young Americans today, it seems a story from the olden times. In 1983, the unfolding of the Vietnam tragedy was the focus of an extraordinary documentary series broadcast on public television. When first aired, the series was recognized immediately as a landmark. It had taken six years to make. Researchers had combed film archives in eleven countries and the result was a stunning record of the conflict as it happened. Program Notes Roots of a War The end of World War II opened the way for the return of French rule to Indochina. Despite the ties he had forged within the American Intelligence community, and his professed respect for democratic ideals, Ho Chi Minh was unable to convince Washington to recognize the legitimacy of his independence movement against the French. French generals and their American advisors expected Ho's rag-tag Vietminh guerrillas to be defeated easily. But after eight years of fighting and $2.5 billion in U.S. aid, the French lost a crucial battle at Dienbienphu - and with it, their Asian empire. America's Mandarin With a goal of stopping the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, America replaced France in South Vietnam - supporting autocratic President Ngo Dinh Diem until his own generals turned against him in a coup that brought political chaos to Saigon. LBJ Goes to War With Ho Chi Minh determined to reunite Vietnam, Lyndon Baines Johnson determined to prevent it, and South Vietnam on the verge of collapse, the stage was set for massive escalation of the undeclared Vietnam War. America Takes Charge In two years, the Johnson Administration's troop build-up dispatched 1.5 million Americans to Vietnam to fight a war they found baffling, tedious, exciting, deadly and unforgettable. America's Enemy The Vietnam War as seen from different perspectives by Vietcong guerrillas and sympathizers, by North Vietnamese leaders and rank and file, and by Americans held prisoner in Hanoi. Tet, 1968 The massive enemy offensive at the lunar new year decimated the Vietcong and failed to topple the Saigon government but led to the beginning of America's military withdrawal from Vietnam. Vietnamizing the War Richard Nixon's program of troop pull-outs, stepped-up bombing and huge arms shipments to Saigon changed the war and left GIs wondering which of them would be the last to die in Vietnam. Cambodia and Laos Despite technical neutrality, both of Vietnam's smaller neighbors were drawn into the war, suffered massive bombings, and, in the case of Cambodia, endured a post-war holocaust of nightmarish proportions. Peace Is at Hand While American and Vietnamese soldiers continued to clash in battle, diplomats in Paris argued about making peace. After more than four years, they reached an accord that proved to be a preface to further bloodshed. Homefront USA. Through troubled years of controversy and violence, US casualties mounted, victory remained elusive, and American opinion moved from general approval to general dissatisfaction with the Vietnam War. The End of the Tunnel South Vietnamese leaders believed that America would never let them go down to defeat - a belief that died as North Vietnamese tanks smashed into Saigon on April 30, 1975, and the long war ended with South Vietnam's surrender. Political Issues

Black Soldiers in the Civil War essays

Black Soldiers in the Civil War essays The American Civil War was a conflict between the Union and the Confederacy. It was a war between the states. The North was fighting to abolish slavery and the South was fighting for their independence. During the war, roughly three million people fought for their cause. The majority of these three million soldiers are sung heroes. However, there are still those heros who people are unaware of. One rarely hears about these unsung heroes who were of tremendous assistance to the cause. These heroes are the southern slaves who became soldiers and joined the Union Army. Although many do not know of their role, the black soldiers played a very significant part in the American Civil war. There were many different black regiments that took part in the fight for freedom. Some examples of such regiments were the 54th Massachusetts, the Black Brigade of Cincinnatti, and the First Regiment South Carolina Volunteers. In addition to these, there were also countless others. Hundreds of thousands of black men wanted the chance to fight for their freedom. The 54th Massachusetts was organized in March of 1863 at Camp Meigs, Readville, Massachusetts by Robert Gould Shaw. This was one of the first all black regiments formed. Free blacks from the north, particularly Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, made up this regiment. The main sacrifice made was life. Soon after being formed, the 54th engaged in battle at Battery Wagner. There was over 250 men killed. Included was the founder Colonel Shaw, who died on the crest of the enemy parapet shouting, Forward, Fifty-fourth!2 Several other members of the 54th either risked or lost their lives. One such person was Sgt.! William H. Carney. He received the Medal of Honor for risking his life in action. His actions were described as follows: When the color sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors thereon. ...

Thames Kosmos Chem C3000 Chemistry Kit Review

Thames Kosmos Chem C3000 Chemistry Kit Review Thames and Kosmos produce  several science kits, including multiple chemistry sets. The Chem C3000 is their ultimate chemistry kit. Chemistry education and labs have moved toward computer simulations and safe chemicals, so its actually quite hard to find a kit that offers the types of hands-on experimentation that set the standard for chemistry labs in the past. The Chem 3000 is one of the few chemistry kits on the market today that contains chemicals and equipment necessary to perform over 350 high school / advanced chemistry experiments. This is the most popular chemistry kit for home chemistry and self-teaching. Description This is the ultimate chemistry kit! Thames Kosmos Chem C3000 kit contains everything in their Chem C1000 and Chem C2000 kits, plus more chemicals and equipment. Youll be able to perform over 350 chemistry experiments.The kit comes in a box containing two foam packing trays. The company reserves the right to make technical changes in the kit, so there isnt much point in listing the exact contents of the box I received, but I will say it included a 192-page paperback color lab manual, safety glasses, stickers for labeling chemicals, test tubes, a test tube  holder and test tube brush, a funnel, graduated beakers, pipettes, stoppers, an alcohol burner, a tripod stand, electrodes, brown bottles for storing light-sensitive chemicals, rubber hoses, glass tubing, filter paper, an evaporating dish, an Erlenmeyer flask, a plastic syringe, litmus powder, an assortment of other lab necessities, and numerous containers of chemicals. As you might expect, theres nothing particularly dangerous w ith respect to waste disposal (e.g., no mercury, carbon tetrachloride, etc.), but its a serious set, intended for hands-on, old-school chemistry experimentation. The experiments introduce the investigator to proper use of chemistry lab equipment and cover general chemistry and introductory organic essentials. Age Recommendation: 12+ This is a set for middle and high school students and adults. It is not an appropriate chemistry kit for young children. However, you dont need to have any prior knowledge of chemistry to use the set.The instruction book is designed like a lab text. Each chapter features an introduction, a clear list of objectives, explanation of the concepts, step-by-step instructions, practice questions to make sure you understand what is going on, and a self-test.It is not complicated. You just need a grasp of basic algebra and the ability to follow directions to master the material. The pictures in the book are glorious and the text is easy to read. Its fun and down-to-earth, not boring pages of calculations and graphs. The point is to show you how fun chemistry is! Pros and Cons of the Chem C3000 Kit Personally, I think the pros of this kit greatly outweigh the cons, but you should know what youre getting into before deciding if this is the right chemistry kit for you. The biggest issue aside from cost probably is that this is a serious kit. There are risks if you misuse the chemicals, there is a flame, and there is basic math in the calculations. If youre looking for an introduction to chemistry for very young investigators, it would be better to opt for an age-appropriate set. Pros Suitable for the lab component of home school high school chemistry.Lots of chemicals; lots of experiments. You wont run through this set in an hour or a weekend.The instruction manual is exceptional, with color pictures, clear instructions, and informative explanations of the chemistry.Includes lab and safety equipment, not just chemicals, so you can continue experimentation and lab work beyond the instructions. You can order additional chemicals either from Thames Kosmos or pick them up on your own. Cons Expensive! You get a lot in this kit, but its typically around $200. If that is out of your budget range, you might consider one of the smaller Thames Kosmos kits. The quality is the same, except the kits, are cheaper and cover fewer experiments. Or, if you are on a tight budget, why not put together your own kit from household chemicals?Additional materials required. To complete every experiment, youll need to pick up a 9-volt battery and a few additional chemicals that are not included in the kit, primarily because they are either flammable or else have a short shelf life. Fortunately, these chemicals are not hard to find online. Specifically, the additional chemicals needed that the company couldnt legally ship in the kit are:1% Silver nitrate solution~4% Sodium hydroxide solution~7% Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)3% Hydrogen peroxide (usual  drug store strength)~3% Ammonia (diluted household ammonia)The additional chemicals/materials youll need are:White vinegarDenatured alc ohol (rubbing alcohol)Distilled waterBaking soda (sodium bicarbonate)Citric acidAmmonium carbonateAluminum foilCottonIron nail9-Volt battery You may experience breakage in shipping. Most people order this kit online. It comes well-packaged and mine didnt break, despite FedEx throwing it at my front door, but other people have reported getting some broken glassware. The chemicals come in plastic containers, so they are secure, but they are test tubes and glass bottles, so breakage is possible. My advice is to order via a vendor that will replace any damaged components.

An advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An advertisement - Essay Example The predominantly blue background, symbolizing a blue paper has lightening hue from darker shade at the top portion to lighter shade at the bottom. Thus, the white background representing the magazine page was seen to contain a supposedly sheared and crumpled blue paper symbolizing a perfectly slim image effectively complements the orange color of the product. The ad actually elicited enhanced audience appeal in terms of being intrigued and wanting to find out more about the product from the way the ad is presented. As such, the audience would find out greater details from the text and from the product label. However, since the presentation tends to be exhibited more on a formal structure, due to the absence of any model or celebrity to endorse it, it has tendencies to exclude luring appeal from the younger population. The product is the main thrust and focus in the ad: being at the center of the print ad and where the product image occupies more than 50% of the page. Thus, the product is obvious and easily detected. In addition, since its image is presented through the actual visual representation of the product, the appropriate product label that gives crucial information is effectively provided. There is a text message situated at the top-most portion of the page with large font and white in color over the blue background. Another smaller set of text messages is shown just above of the lid of the bottle in darker blue font. Plus, the printed page of magazine at the background could be seen as a typical full narrative page in black text and typical sized font on a predominantly white background. Finally, only the text from the product label could be seen in this ad. As above mentioned, the texts of the advertisements are diversely presented. The text at the topmost portion of the page says: ‘For a slimming feel’ which is typed in two different font sizes. The words ‘For a’ and ‘feel’ have the same white color and size; while

Edit the Resume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Edit the Resume - Essay Example I would appreciate the opportunity to meet you to discuss my qualifications and the opportunity for a position in your company. Thank you for your time and consideration in reviewing my application. I will contact you within the next ten days to confirm your receipt of my application and to answer any questions. Thank you very much for the opportunity to discuss openings at the entry-level in the accounting department of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I enjoyed meeting with you and learning more about your company and the career paths available. I am confident that a career at ---- will present many exciting opportunities for me to develop my potential and be an asset to the company. I believe that my personal skills and the solid foundation in commerce which I have developed through my studies at the University of Toronto equip me for an entry-level position in your company. I would like to add that the Choi Jung Ho Accounting Tax Service achieved their best record for accuracy during the summer I worked there. I am confident that I have the accounting savvy necessary to ensure that I will be productive and profitable accountant at ------. I can be reached at 647-300-8548 or by e-mail at cuttyhindi@hotmail.com. I look forward to speaking with you soon, and will keep in touch with you in the hope that you will give me the opportunity to join your firm. Thank you once again for your time and

Effect of Tissue Culture Plastic Surfaces

Effect of Tissue Culture Plastic Surfaces Summary: The design of this experiment was conducted in order to analyse the effect of tissue culture plastic surface and establish the optimal tissue culture plastic surface for growing the Human Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 cell line, which is still lacking even this human cell line is commonly used in vitro studies and it is strongly recommended as a gold standard for the Lentivirus titration. In this context it appears especially interesting to which extent the HT1080 cell line proliferation depends on which type of tissue culture plastic plates were used in any experiment. In this study we optimized the growth and the proliferation of the HT1080 cell line by growing them in three different 96 wells tissue culture plates including Falcon, Corning and Greiner, and study the cells proliferation using XTT assay Roche based. Thus we considered the HT 1080 cell line proliferation curve obtained on 2 weeks time and we investigated the proliferation influence of this cell line seeded in 3 diffe rent plastic plates. We found that falcon tissue culture plastic were could be more widely considered as a potential plastic ware tool for growing HT 1080 cell line from proliferation curves obtained under 3 different experimental plastic plates, Falcon 96 well tissue culture plate was more likely suitable plastic plate to be used in seeding the HT 1080 cell line. Introduction Cell culture known to be a complex process by removal of tissue or cells from plants, animals, microbes (such as bacteria and viruses), and fungi process them by growing them in specific conditions and atmospheres. In the 19th century scientist discovered the way of maintaining live cell lines taken from the animals tissue [1]. Principle of tissue culture was established by Wilhelm Roux In 1885, he removed a part of the medulla oblongataHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_plate dish of an embryonic chicken and preserved it in a warm saline for some days2[2]. The methodology of tissue culture was established by Ross Granville Harrison, while he was published results of his research work from 1907-19103[3]. In 1950s Cell culture techniques were progressed significantly in virology research, which helped in manufacture of vaccines. Development of antibiotics helped tissue culturing to be success, as it made it easy to avoid tissue culture contaminations[4]. Types of tissue culture There are two types of tissue culture used for growing cells, adherent and suspension cultures. Adherent cells are known to be anchorage-dependent and attachment to a solid surface is a requirement for proliferation. Generally, the cells grow as an adherent monolayer and discontinue dividing when they reach a density that they touch each other. The majority of cells are adherent as they derived from solid tissues[5]. Cells cultured from bone marrow, spleen or blood adhere poorly if at all to the culture dishes. These cells in the body naturally live in suspension or they are loosely adherent. Adherent cells need a solid phase like tissue culture plastic, which might be layered with extracellular matrix components to raise adhesion properties and supply other signal required for differentiation and growth. Suspension cultures are easier to spread, since subculture requires only dilution with medium. Moreover, cultures with cells growing attached to each other or to a solid phase have to be treated by a protease to break the bond between the cells and solid surface. Trypsin is the most commonly enzyme used. Obviously, freely suspended cultures do not require trypsinization. Thus, they are easier to harvest. Maintain cells in culture Different cell types need different environments to survive in the culture. Environment means is to allow the cells to increase in number by mitosis (cell division). To achieve that, suitable temperature ( 37oC) is required as cells need it to grow happily and that can be achieved by proper calibration, frequent checking, and good maintained incubators. Second, good quality substrate (Glass and Plastic) for better attachment by using attachment factors (collagen, lamnin, and fibronectin) and excellent cell growth. Finally, proper culture media and maintained incubator for accurate pH and osmolality[10]. Cell culture medium The culture medium should got the proper nutrition of the cells requirement, growth factors, control the osmolality and pH, and present vital O2 and CO2 gases [11]. The culture medium provides necessary nutrients that are included into dividing cells, such as fatty acids, amino acids, sugars, vitamins and carbohydrates and all of these help to provide the necessary energy to build a new proteins and metabolism. The pH of the medium can be control by buffer which is usually a CO2 based or an organic buffer (e.g HEPES) to maintain the pH level in suitable range 7.0 7.4. Sodium Bicarbonate usually used in most cultures media as a standard buffer. Furthermore, Phenol Red is usually added as pH indicator in media, which change when if pH 7.4 decreased. The osmotic pressure adjust the regulation of the substances flow inside and outside of the cell, which is managed by adding salt to the medium. Supplement such as fetal serum enhance the cells growth when it is added to media as it consis t of high growth factor concentration and low antibiotics concentration. In addition, serum protein when added to media it acts as nutrition and it undertakes transporter function via cell membrane and combines toxic metabolic products. Antibiotics and antimycotics must be added to the culture media as it suppress the bacterial and fungus growth. Contamination and cell culture contamination consider to be a serious problem as it can end an experiment to misidentified or lead to wrong outcome. Recent, studies propose 15-20% of the time researchers been a victim of contamination[9]. There are two types of cell culture contamination, biological and chemicals. Biological contamination caused by fast growing yeast, bacteria and fungi. This type of contamination changes the turbidity of the medium and have observable effects on the cell culture. On the other hand, there are other types of biological contamination which are very difficult to detect such as; mycoplasmas and viruses. Chemical contamination caused by many different agents involve metal irons, plasticizers and Endotoxins[1]. Different plastic wares used in cell culture The use of disposable plastic materials for tissue culture has become popular, and in many laboratories plastic cell culture vessels have completely replaced glassware. For example, multiwell plastic plates are used for comparing different growth conditions, plastic wares, media, growth factor, sera and cytotoxines. Untreated plastic surfaces (usually made of polystyrene) are generally unsuitable for the culture of vertebrate cells, because they do not permit ready attachment and spreading of cells(19). Thus the polystyrene must be subjected to a surface treatment to make the plastic surface suitable for cell attachment(21).Chemical methods, such as sulfuric acid-sodium carbonate rinses (4) and alcohol rinses (5), have been proposed to modify plastic surfaces so that cell attachment occurs. Cell viability and proliferation The quantification of cellular growth, including viability and proliferation and, is essential to optimize the cell culture conditions. Measurements of cell viability assess the number of healthy living cells and dead cells, whereas measurement of cells proliferation is used to assess the response of cells to a specific stimulus or toxin quantitantion of culture growth. Cells proliferation is significant in steering maintenance as it is an essential element for controlling the stability of the culture and identifying the superlative time for the optimum dilution, sub culturing, and the estimated platting competence at various cell densities. Proliferation rate is a key quantitative parameter to be estimated when studying the dynamic behaviour of a cell population, measure of cells growth and obtain the cells growth curve. Fibrosarcoma cell line (HT1080) HT-1080 cell line is mainly human fibrosarcoma adherent cell line (15). It was instigated from a biopsy of a fibrosarcoma obtained from the acetablum of a 35 year old male in July 1972 the patient had never received radiation or chemotherapy therapy. A fine piece of the tumor tissue was cultured into plastic flasks and dishes were sheltered with Eagles minimum essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics . Quick trypsinization and picking procedures were used to reduce fibroblasts from the cultures(16). The human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 is strongly recommend as the gold standard for reproducibly titrating Lentivirus. Lentiviruses belong to Retooviridae Family, which are the most multitalented of retroviruses since they are capable to infect, transduce and maintain expression in approximately any mammalian cell. Lentiviral vectors obtained from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) have become main apparatus in mammalian cells for gene delivery. The beneficial characteristic of Lentiviral vectors is the capability to mediate competent transduction, mixing and long-term expression into non-dividing and dividing cells both in vivo and in vitro. The most commonly used cell lines for titrating are adherent cells which show a replication time in the range of 18-25 hours. The human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line is able to give more accurate viral titres because these cells are easily transduced and very efficiently by recombinant Lentiviruses . To produce reliable transduction res ults using a known multiplicity of infection (MOI), it is essential to titrate Lentivirus stocks, and that can be determined by infecting HT1080 cells with serially diluted supernatants produced using control vector containing an easily detectable receptor gene (e.g. Lac Z and fluorescent protein). Furthermore, titration values will depend heavily on the cell type and method used for titration, so there may be significant differences between titres determined in cells typically used for titration and the number of target cells that are ultimately transduced. However titrations are important for determining the relative virus content of stocks prepared from different vectors , Confirming the viability of virus stocks, Determining the optimal transduction conditions, Adjusting the MOI to control the viral copy number of transduced cells, Determining the maximum number of cells that can be infected by a virus stock. Additionally, the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 has been used widely to study the consequence of anti-inflammatory agents such as glycocortiodis on the gene expression of inflammatory mediator(17) and in the study of the extracellular matrix proteins involved in attachment, invasion and metastasis. It is also has been involved in assessment the function of the Ras-oncogenes in the altered phenotype and the function of the expression of the rentiblastoma gene product in the cellular response to therapy(18). In most studies that used the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line in their studies there is inconsistencies regarding the growth of this cell line with different media, different serum and different tissue culture plastic surface. Thus, it remains mainly descriptive and not quantify the relative influence of the underlying type of media, serum or plastic surface on cell growth and proliferation. Aim of this study In order to find the optimal plastic tissue culture plates for this cell line, I aimed to optimize the growth and the proliferation of the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line by growing them in different tissue culture plastic plates including Falcon, Greiner and Corning plates and study their proliferation using colorimetric assay(XTT based, Roche). Materials and methods Tissue culture (pre-experiment to obtain growth curve of HT1080 cell) Tissue culture of HT1080 cell line Experiment was performed using Human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 (ATCCCCL121) epithelial cells. This cell line was obtained from ECACC European collection of animal cell cultures. Cells were grown in HPA culture collections facilities (catalogue number :85111505). Routinely, cells were grown in complete medium composed of Dulbeccos Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM supplemented with high glucose liquid without phenol red, without L-Glutamine + 1% Non Essential Amino Acids (NEAA) + 10% Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (all were purchased from PAA). The bench surface were cleaned before starting tissue culture, to avoid any contamination The cells were Cultured and grown in 75 cm2 falcon flask which was kept in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37oC for 24 hours to obtain the optimum growth condition. The cells were subculture every 3 days which helped to achieve 0.45-1.0X 106 cells/ml. all the culturing and sub-culturing procedure were done in class II safety cabinet. Cell count The cells were twice a week checked for any contamination before cell count done, the media should be in a good condition, and healthy clear yellow color should be observed. HT1080 cells were counted by using counting chamber (haemocytometer) as it shown below. (A, B, D, and C) as shown above contain 16 small squares of volume 0.1mm3 or 10-4 cm3 which means (length x width x height). 10ul of HT1080 cells were placed between the counting chamber and cover slips. After cells settle the haemocytometer were fixed under light microscope with X40 magnification. The cells were counted and equation was used to find out the total cells number and then it was divided by 4 to obtain an average X104 cells/ml. Cells can be sub-cultured in fresh supplemented media. Actual concentration = Dilution factor required Desired concentration Sub- Culture of HT1080 All cells were detached by using tryptirization by trypsine/EDTA (0.1% /0.02%) solution, average of 60X104 cells/ml of HT 1080 cells were reseed into new labeled flask (75 cm2). Then 20 ml of media was added to the same flask. Finally it were kept in the incubator for 24 hour at 37oC in 5% CO2 atmosphere. obtain growth curve of HT1080 cell Briefly, 1ml from the cell suspension were mixed with 480ul of MEM media (PAA). Then 100ul of the tissue culture medium equally distributed to all wells of 96 tissue culture plastic multiwells plate except the first row as 200ul of the cell suspension mixture was added to whole first row. Then Serial dilution was performed by taking 100ul from the first row of 96 wells and transferred to the second row wells (shown in the figure below). The last 100ul were discarded after doing serial dilution in the sixth well (each dilution included four wells) Finally the 96 wells tissue culture micro plate were kept for incubation (at 37Co, 5% CO2) for 24 hours. Proliferation assay The cells proliferation was studied by using XTT proliferation assay (Cat. No. 11465015001) by Roche. First, the XXT solution was prepared by thawing the XTT labeling reagent and the electron-coupling reagent, respectively in a water bath at 37oC. Mix each vial thoroughly to obtain a clear solution. Then XTT labeling mixture was prepared by mixing 4ml of XTT labeling reagent with 80ul of electron-coupling reagent, to prepare the XTT labeling mixture. Finally, 50ul of the XTT prepared mixture was added to all wells of 96 wells tissue culture plates wells after the incubation period of 24 hours and the plate was incubated in the incubator in humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37oC for 6 hours . Reading the tissue culture multiwell plate After 6 hours of the incubation period, the plate was kept in the ELISA spectrophotometer reader (Tecan sunrise colorimeter) to measure the absorbance of HT1080 cells at 450nm and obtain the cells growth curve. Tissue culture of HT1080 cell line (Actual experiment) Growing the HT1080 cell line in 3 different tissue culture plastic 96 wells plate including Greiner, Falcon and Corning.this experiment conducted within two weeks. From the previous obtained graph of growth curve of HT1080 cell line the seeding density of all our future subculture fixed to 60X104 cells/ml. First of all, the tissue cultured flask checked under the microscope to check the cell growth confluence. Then cell counting was performed to seed all the 3 different 96 wells tissue culture plastic plates at cell density of 60X104 cells/ml and that was possible after finding out the dilution factor by applying an equation (see below). Usually we used dilution factor 1:19. Actual concentration = Dilution factor required Desired concentration After preparing the correct dilution of HT1080 cell line, plates were seeded with 60X104 cells/ml ,100ul/well. Each plates was divided to four parts for four days to run the experiment, for example the first part was labeled as day 1, second part day 2, third part day 3 and the last part day 4 with 6 wells for each day along with 2 blank, total of 8 wells daily. Then the tissue culture plates were incubated in humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37Â °C for 24 hours. ( see figure 2). Day4 Day3b Day2 Day 1 Figure 2: Cells suspension +proliferation reagent Blank: media only Cells proliferation assay After the incubation period of 24 hours, the XTT solutions were prepared as explained previously and added to the first part of each different tissue culture plates each part was included 6 wells. Then the tissue culture plates were incubated again in the incubator at 37Â °C in 5% CO2 for 24 hours. After 6 hours of the incubation period, the platse were kept in the ELISA spectrophotometer reader (Tecan sunrise colorimeter) to measure the absorbance of HT1080 cells at 450nm. Then the plates were returned to the same incubator and used for the rest of days. The same procedure of preparing proliferation reagent and reading the plates was performed to obtain the results and check the cells proliferation for the rest of days . Results This investigation was done to rule out the growth density of the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line to be seeded in three different 96 wells plastic tissue culture plates to study the growth and the proliferation of this cell line. HT1080 cells were seeded as described in 96 wells plastic plates and incubated for 24 hours in media. For cell proliferation, XTT mixture reagent was added after the incubation period . Briefly, 96 well plates of from each different plastics plates used were seeded with HT1080 cells(6X103 cells/ml, 100 ul/well) and incubated for 24 hours in media. After 6 hours of incubation, the HT1080 cell line proliferation rate were measured by using Tecan sunrise colorimeter at 450nm and the following growth curve was being obtained. Figure 1: shows a growth curve of the human fibrosarcoma HT 1080 cell line by using XTT assay. Measurement of the HT 1080 cell line proliferation incubated in the 96 well plate on culture medium alone for 24 hours and allowed to adhere. After adding XTT reagent cells were incubated for 6 hours. Then the cells proliferation was analyzed by Tecan sunrise colorimeter at 450 nm, the log phase were determined as 6X103. From the obtaining HT 1080 cell line growth curve (figure 1) the initial Lag phase where the cells were growing very slow started from 1562 cells /ml to approximately 6000 cells/ml. then the HT1080 cell growth starts to accelerate into the exponential phase which represents the period when the cells are growing most rapidly. This phase continued till the number of cells reached 25000 cells/ml which may due one or more nutrients became limited, oxygen became depleted and or metabolic by products accumulate to toxic level. After that the cells were Decelerated (Declined). This was followed by a Stationary phase, during which there was no discernible change in cell concretion. Finally if the cells were kept more time we may observe of cell death and lysis which results in a decrease of cells number. The cell growth density was determined by observing the ht1080 cell line growth proliferation curve and it was decided to be 6000 cells/ml as our standard density for this experiment. This investigation was designed to study the proliferation of Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line in 3 different 96 well plastic tissue culture plates including Falcon, Corning and Greiner. Briefly, 96 well plates from each different plastics plates used were seeded with HT1080 cells(6X103 cells/ml, 100 ul/well) and incubated for 24 hours in media. For each investigation sample were set up in 6 wells. After incubation, the HT1080 cell line proliferation rate were measured by using Tecan sunrise colorimeter at 450nm and the following result were being obtained. n = 2 Figure 2: Determine comparison of the HT1080 cells proliferation by growing them in three different 96 wells plastic microplates (Falcon, Greiner and Corning) by using XTT assay for 5 days in MEM media . Each experiment includes 6 duplicate reading . The graph represent the average of three independent experiments data mean, while the errors bars represent the standard deviation of the data. The results that obtained from this experiment revealed that, the Human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line showed different growth proliferation rate depends on the plastic wares including Falcon, Greiner and Corning that have been used in this study (figure 2). The same cells seeding density that was obtained previously from the HT1080 cells growing curve(6X103) were applied to all the 96 wells plastic tissue culture plates. Falcon, Greiner and corning plastic plates showed varies proliferation in the mean (ÂÂ ±SD) number of HT1080 cells. From our graph the cells that were grown in Greiner plate proliferate at slower rate in comparison to the other two types of plastic plates were used. On the other hand, the cells showed good proliferation in Corning plate with double increased in the mean (ÂÂ ±SD) number of HT1080 cells compared to the proliferation which was obtained in Greiner plate. In contrast the cells, which were seeded in Falcon plate showed the best proliferation of H T1080 cells from the first day of the experiment till the last day and reached a peak at day 4. Moreover, from the obtained data it was clear that we can see HT 1080 cell that were seeded in Falcon plate were proliferating two times more than the mean (ÂÂ ±SD) number of HT1080 cells in Corning plate and three times more than the mean (ÂÂ ±SD) number of HT1080 cells in Greiner this continued with same significant proliferation rate till the last day of our experiment . Discussion Our results confirm that the plastic wares have a major influence on the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line adherence, growth and proliferation. It was very clear from our obtained data that Falcon tissue culture plastic plates shown to be the best plastic ware to optimize the growth and the proliferation of the Human Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 cell line between the other two plastic Corning and Greiner that were used in this experiment. Although the three types of plastic surface treatment almost the same but these cells were growing with different proliferation rate on these plastic wares surface. The human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line are extensively accepted as the standard target cell for titrating Lentivirus because these cells are transduced very efficiently by recombinant Lentiviruses. The health of HT1080 cells at the time of transfection has a significant effect on the success of Lentivirus production. Use of unhealthy cells will negatively affect the transfection efficiency, resulting in production of a low titre Lentiviral stock. For optimal Lentivirus production (i.e. producing Lentiviral stocks with the expected titers) the cells should be healthy and greater than 90% viable. Furthermore, the growth characteristics of this cell line HT1080 changes depending on media formulations, plastic ware used and sources of serum used. Generally, cell attachment, growth, and cell-to-cell contacts on a surface or extracellular matrix substrate are extremely complex proceedings involving cell adhesion molecules. An additional factor leading the growth of cells is the composition of the culture medium, especially serum which supplies the essential nutrients for cells and influences the cell attachment. As it contains numerous extracellular matrix proteins . However, there are known limitations to serum in culture medium. Apart from being expensive, it can interfere with specific assays and introduce variability due to inconsistencies and the presence of indeterminate components. When growing any cells, one of the first thing is to optimize all culture conditions. Generally people know about Media, FCS/FBS, CO2 concentration, split ratios etc, but very few ever think about TC Plastic.corning, costar, nunc, greiner, falcon, tpp etc will all support cell growth, but optimizing your conditions can save time and money in the long run. Culture environmental conditions influence the proliferative characteristics of cells, while this environment is not fully controlled. Plastic is one of the most important things to know about and understand. It can have a major influence on cell adherence and growth and can therefore ultimately influence the experimental results. Most of studies devoted to the analysis of HT1080 cell line growth relies on using different types of tissue culture plastic surface leading to inconsistencies regarding the growth of HT1080 in different plastic . Thus, optimal plastic surface for HT1080 cell line long term growth is usually unknown. For example, a study has been conducted by shalinsky et al for the modulation of dipyridamole (DPM) to act synerglstically with vinblastine (VBL) in the HT 1080 cell line, they have used corning plastic micro-plates to seed the cells and ran their experiment. The Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line used in the studies of the extracellular matrix proteins involved in attachment, invasion and metastasis as the HT1080 cells must attach to and spread underlying matrix in order to carry out normal metabolism, proliferation and differentiation. One of these studies is done by Miyake and colleges same corning 96 well micro-plates were used but it was coated with ECM and they found that HT1080 h ad better proliferation while cultured with coated microplate rather than uncoated and that can be explained due to capability of extracellular matrix (ECM) to hold the HT1080 cells and provide a highly organized lattice within cells can migrate and interact with each other. In addition, they found that HT 1080 cell line secret a large amount of extracellular matrix on the microplate surface, then HT1080 cell attach rapidly and they leave the underlying ECM intact and firmly attached to the plastic. Additionally, Ohizumai et al, have another choice of the plastic ware in their experiment as they have used falcon 96 well microplate to grow HT1080 cells and processed their study. In other study was done by Markus and Richard they have seeded the HT 1080 cell line in standard treated uncoated Falcon 24 well microplate and they have found that the HT1080 cell migration increased compared to other cell line such as HT29 and MCF7 cell lines, which confirms that different cell needs different types of plastic microplates to get the optimum growth and proliferation. Another study where HT1080 cells have been grown on different plastic ware type done by Simpson et al, in their study (combination of afusogenic Glycoprotein, producing Activation and oncolytic Herpes Simplex virus for Enhanced local tumor control). They have used coated Greiner plastic ware with lamim and they are of thousands of researchers who prefer to use coated plastic ware as its more effective and more significant while using plastic ware that are coated with ECM. In this context, the study of HT1080 cell line proliferation by growing the cells in different tissue culture plastics plates appears necessary for cell proliferation performance within different tissue culture plastic surfaces as well as cell response to such environmental changes In this study we have optimized the growth and the proliferation of the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells by growing them in different plastic ware including Falcon, Greiner and Corning plastic wares and study their proliferation using colorimetric assay(XTT based, Roche). The XTT assay method is based on the reduction of the tetrazolium salt XTT by viable cells in the presence of an electron coupling reagent. The reaction produces a soluble formazan salt. The XTT assay is sensitive, quantitative, reliable and automated methods led to the development of standard assays. Cell proliferation and viability assays are of particular importance for routine applications. Tetrazolium salts MTT and XTT are especially useful for assaying the quantification of viable cells. In this case variability of proliferation rates would more likely reflect plastic surface variability than real variations of inherent cell proliferation capabilities. Moreover, Measurement of HT1080 cell proliferation rates is used to determine the response of the cells growth as it is a significant element for monitoring the consistency of the culture and knowing the best time to subculture the optimum dilution, and the estimated platting efficiency at different HT1080 cell densities. Testing medium, serum, new culture vessels or substrate, and so forth, all require quantitative assessment. One of the difficulties in growing cells in vitro using conservative tissue culture techniques is that the cells rest on plastic rather than on their natural biological support and can only be nourished with media from their apical side. To explain my results it is important to know the plastic surface treatment of each type of plastic used in this study. Normal TC plastic has a net negative charge. TC treatment cross links carboxyl and amine groups and gives the plastic its net negative charge. TC surface modification is usually done by ionizing radiation or other physio-chemical methods ( F. Grinnell 1978 Int. Rev.Cytol 43. p.65 ). Falcon plastic ware showed better growth and proliferation of this cell line more than greiner and corning. The HT1080 cells were proliferating with Falcon plastic tissue culture plate two times more than with Greiner plastic plate and double its proliferation with Corning plastic plate. Falcon surface treatment is more advanced than Greiner plastic ware as Falcon Standard Tissue Culture (TC) surfaces exposed to vacuum-gas plasma or corona discharge treatment that create a number of negatively charged functional groups on the polystyrene surface and make it hydrophilic. Falcon company is believed to facilitate direct cell attachment and indirectly support attachment, spreading, and growth by binding serum proteins to the plastic surface. Each lot of Falcon plastic products is gamma irradiated to produce a sterile product and from the obtained results it was proved that Falcon is the best plastic substrate for the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line growth and proliferation as the cel ls were proliferating increasingly till the last day. In contrast the HT1080 cells with Corning were growing and proliferating with gradual increase from the first day till the last day of experiment but their proliferation lower than the cells proliferation with Falcon. Although the Standard Corning polystyrene cell culture plastic wares have the same treatment of Falcon surface treatment. In addition from the results that we have obtained it seems to be that HT1080 cells were growing and proliferating more than when comparing their growth and proliferation with Greiner microplate. On the other hand, Greiner plastic ware are using different method to treat their tissue culture plastic wares, they are using a physical modification to make their TC-treated plates rather than chem

“Nature and Self-Reliance” by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson, nineteenth century poet and writer, expresses a philosophy of life, based on our inner self and the presence of the soul. Emerson regarded and learned from the great minds of the past. In his writings he says repeatedly that each person should live according to his own thinking. In Nature and Self-Reliance the central theme is do not seek answers outside of yourself. This main idea of Emerson’s philosophy states that a man should learn to express himself. Being yourself will help you to solve the problems of your life. We need to trust ourselves in order to improve our life, like all great men have done. Self-Reliance expresses that the Truth stems from within deep in our soul which is the pillar of our personal power and self-respect. This source of all greatness sets us free form the ego and helps us to transcend through the ideals of love, truth and justice; some people call this â€Å"the moral sense†. The soul cannot be completely defined or described but it is the only thing we can be absolutely sure of, since all other facts are temporary. Being ourselves allows us to obtain many more answers and to understand our unconscious intentions. Humans may exceed their limited ideas by realizing that God does exists and that in Him, we will find the Truth and answers if we open ourselves to Him. Self-Reliance also expresses the need for creative thinking. Society during Emerson’s era resisted reform and scorned the reformer. Emerson saw individualism in direct conflict with society. Although he often criticized society, he stressed more importantly the openness of the individual through the soul. The soul is the creative essence all of creation including art, which is human unity with natural things, which is expressed in Nature. In Nature the soul sees the picture of its own pure essence manifest, seeing beauty, truth, and justice in its laws. Nature in life teaches us understanding and is a practicing tool for the intellect to use in learning how to deal with life’s problems. From Emerson’s transcendental view the natural figures are also symbols of spirituals facts or philosophy. That by interacting with nature, people learn not only what is practical but also what is good; for Emerson nature and the soul are perfectly complementary. Emerson also states that it is good to learn from the books as long as the reader keeps his creativity and way of thinking and that by practical experience we learn quickly and well. Emerson tries to makes us realize that by our own virtues and by calling on our own internal means we can find the answers to many questions, and even answers for the question we have not even shape which will help us to keep the integrity of one’s internal evolution. Emerson believed that when people begin to realize that autonomy and the expression of your thoughts is right for them, then many good changes will happen in society. Emerson’s was one of the leaders in the extended view of progressive learning, but also offers insights into age-old or â€Å"natural method† as better than new technology based on experimentation. In many of his writings he compares the beauty of the nature, and expresses, in the writings of Nature and Self-Reliance that we can find the answers to all challenges.